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Benjamin Graham: The Father of Value Investing Benjamin Graham (1894-1976) is widely considered the father of value investing, a fundamental investment approach that involves buying stocks trading at a discount to their intrinsic value. He was also an influential educator, author, and investor who laid the foundation for the investment industry as we know it …

Commodities A commodity is a raw material that is used in the production of goods or services. It is a basic good that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type, and is usually in its unprocessed or preliminary stage. Examples of commodities include agricultural products like wheat, corn, and soybeans, metals such as …

Mutual Funds A mutual fund is a type of investment vehicle where a group of investors pool their money together to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities. These securities can include stocks, bonds, and other assets. Depending of the type of mutual fund, they are can be managed by a professional portfolio manager, who makes …

Bank of England I. Introduction The Bank of England (BoE) is the central bank of the United Kingdom and one of the oldest central banks in the world. It was established in 1694, and since then, it has played a crucial role in the development and stability of the UK’s financial system. The BoE is …

Financial regulation I. Introduction Financial regulation is the process of supervising and controlling the financial sector in order to protect the interests of consumers, promote market stability, and ensure that the financial system operates in an ethical and transparent manner. The primary objective of financial regulation is to maintain the stability of the financial system …

Insider Trading I. What is Insider Trading Insider trading refers to the act of exploiting material, non-public information for personal gain in the purchase or sale of securities thus giving an unfair advantage to the trader. This information is often not yet known to the general public and is only available to a select few, …

Trading I. Introduction Trading, within the financial industry, refers to the act of buying and selling financial assets with the goal of making a profit. Trading is a critical component of the financial world, as it allows individuals and institutions to make investments that can potentially generate returns. There are many different types of trading, …

Stock buybacks I. Introduction Stock buybacks, also known as share repurchases, refer to the purchase of a company’s own outstanding stock with the intention of reducing the number of outstanding shares and increasing the value of the remaining shares. This process of stock buybacks is an important tool in the investment world as it can …

Microeconomics I. Introduction A. Definition of Microeconomics Microeconomics is a branch of economics that focuses on the behavior and decision-making of individuals, firms, and other smaller units of an economy. It analyzes the allocation of limited resources to meet the unlimited wants and needs of individuals and businesses, as well as the impact of these …